Showing posts with label Histories. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Histories. Show all posts

Top Ten Cartoons in the 80s

Oh the 80’s. The decade that gave us the Wonder Years, Who’s the Boss, great video games and a flippant hairstyle as high as a skyriser. What else could the 80’s be known for? What about all the great cartoons that came out in the 80’s? In this list, we will go through what we think are the top 10 cartoons from the 80’s. These are the cartoons that we watched after school, before school, on weekends, and any time we had the privilege to tape the shows on our VCR (mostly after school though). We wanted to revisit these gems to let everyone remember how amazing cartoons were in their yesteryear. We thought about these cartoons in our sleep and talked about them at class during the day. Here then are our the greatest cartoons of the 80’s.

10. Smurfs

One female in the entire population. One red-hatted elder who holds no real power but is in charge of keeping the village work organized. Everyone has the same size house. Everyone has the same power and authority. Everyone has a unique skill that contributes to the harmony of the population. Everyone is blue. Smurf your smurfing communist conspiracies, this was a wholesome tale about being unique. While they all looked the same, dressed the same, and lived the same, they all had unique personality traits that helped to save the group from mean old Gargamel and that hungry, misunderstood Azrael. Coincidentally, there was a local band back in the mid-nineties called Liquid Azrael who did a mean cover of Sesame Street’s 1-2-3-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12. SMURF YOU! I thought that was entirely smurfing relevant to the discussion (smurfing smurf-holes…).

9. Gummi Bears

Bouncing here and there and everywhere. You remember the show, don’t you? Disney animated Gummi Bears was a fun romp following the escapades of the furry little bears who drank magic Gummiberry Juice and bounced around the forest and outsmarted Duke Igthorn every week. The production quality of the show was great and would set the benchmark for all the other great Disney cartoons that would soon follow it. The show began the great Disney Afternoon timeslot run, which included many great shows such as DuckTales, Darkwing Duck, Chip ‘n Dale Rescue Rangers, TaleSpin, and Gargoyles.

8. GI Joe

GI Joe: A Real American Hero was a half an hour of pure entertainment. Hawk and Sgt. Slaughter on operations with the significance on par with the biggest moments in history. Could Hasbro have any idea how successful GI Joe would be in the animation realm? These cartoons were flashy, loud, in your face, and all around dominating. GI Joe’s strength and rigor were consistently tested by Cobra who was always stealing shit like teleportation units and weapons that could manipulate weather. These were certainly large tasks for the GI Joe team all bundled up in half an hour segments. You got what you sat down for when watching GI Joe. You wanted these cartoon to last an hour instead.

7. He-Man

He-Man was the strongest of the strong. The most powerful of the most powerful, and he embodied all these qualities in the 80’s cartoon that spoke to a generation of nerds who wanted to hold the power of He-Man. Maybe we also liked the fact that He-Man could probably get any women he wanted to, and we couldn’t. At least we were honest in our admiration of that which was better than us lonely nerds seeking solace in a fictional cartoon. Who else could blow a gust of wind so powerful that it could knock opponents off a cliff? Who else could rub their hands together fast enough to turn sand into glass? He-Man is the ubermanch of the modern cartoon world. If only it were real. If only we were able to be He-Man for one day.

6. Transformers

Transformers Generation 1 was a firestorm for the cartoon market. It had everything a kid wanted. Robots destroying robots. Robots transforming into even bigger robots. Robots combining powers to destroy even bigger combining transforming robots. This show was huge and anyone who ever wanted to be a machine man would identify with Transformers austere disposition. Was there ever more of a recognizable robot in all of cartoon fiction that Optimus Prime? He is referenced everywhere in modern TV and for good reason. He was the first non-sentimental protagonist in robot history. He smashed buildings at will and dominated destructive bots at the drop of an oil spill from his energy tank. The transition from comic book to cartoon was flawless for Transformers, with the cartoon actually becoming more successful than the comic book. This certainly can be called a smooth transition.

5. Mario Brothers

Of course we had to include Mario Brothers on our list, not only because it’s Nintendo’s main protagonist, but because the show had such great storylines and ironic twists that it led to a pure entertainment experience. Luigi was being pulled down drains, Mario was rapping with Milli Vanilli up in the clouds, and the Princess was looking as good Natalie Portman in Closer. Their adventures would take them to the sea, the desert and to all the areas in the actual Mario Brothers game. Everyone who played the Mario games enjoyed this cartoon. Bowser was up to his old antics chasing the brothers around the world all the while contemplating world domination. The Mario Brothers can never do wrong, and they continued their successful streak with this fun cartoon.

4. Rescue Rangers

Rescue Rangers went side by side with Duck Tales with the title of greatest cartoon of the 80’s. The adventures of Chip and Dale would last in the viewers head for some time to come. They were always avoiding a fat cat who appropriately smoked a massive cigar signifying smoking negativity to an impressionable youth. Gadget came up with the best technological designs to ward off the fat cat while always looking stunning for a pale faced rat. Both Chip and Dale would fight over her throughout the series. Some of these conflicts became some of the best moments in the cartoon series. Some of the most memorable moments came from their adventures on their hot air balloon traversing the globe in search of their desires. Memorable characters, great inventions, great story lines, Rescue Rangers was a great cartoon.

3. Thundercats

The eighties were all about team work, and no cartoon exemplified this more than Thundercats. Generally speaking, cats are solitary creatures, except for lions of course, which is probably why Lion-o was the leader, since he was the only one who had experience working in groups. You never see packs of cheetahs or jaguars though, let alone a mixed pack of the feline species, or kingdom, or phylum, or whatever (I was never good at biology). Anyway Thundercats had a similar plot to Superman, their planet blew up and they had to flee so they ended up crashing on a planet called Third Earth. What happened to the first two we’ll never know since that was never addressed in the plot. They also fought a mummy and creatively enough his name was Mum-ra. This show was great, personally I loved the snarfs the most. Though I often wondered if the thundercats would eat them if times got bad. I also had a huge crush on Cheetara, she was such a babe.

2. Duck Tales

Everyone remembers the theme song to Duck Tales, and for good reason. Everyone watched every episode of this show. After school at 4:00, you knew where you were. You were on the couch eating an early dinner or snack watching Duck Tales. Scrooge McDuck and the boys were constantly getting into trouble or preventing trouble. The adventures that the three of them would go on would be epic. They went through Amazon rain forests, go back in time to ancient Greece, and even deep underwater looking for a fortune for their rapacious uncle. This show would never get dull, and the viewer was always on edge experiencing the tales of the young anthropomorphic ducks. Duck Tales was one of the best of the 80’s cartoons. You couldn’t watch just one episode.

1. Voltron

This was the pinnacle of 80s cartoons. It combined all the genius of the previously listed cartoons, animals (specifically lions), robots, magic, monsters, space travel, swords, babely babes, and mean bitches. The five robot lines were each stored in the most awesome garages ever, needless to say they were perfectly suited for the elemental association each lion carried with it. Keith was the leader, he was your typical hero, quick on his feet and cool in command. Lance was the cool guy, he might have been French, I don’t know, either way I bet he got laid the most, he had that sort of troubled vibe. The princess was also a babe, I had a crush on her too. Imagine a threesome with her and Cheetara, now that would be freaky. Then there was the nerd Pidge. He seemed like the type that might have installed a camera in the princess’s shower. Finally was the muscle, Hunk. He’s the guy you take to the bar so when you pick a fight he can beat everyone up.

The crew from Voltron fought a cadre of bad guys ruled by King Zarkon. His son, Prince Lothar, always seemed like the rich kid who would take daddies’ Benze and wreck it after a night at the clubs. I have a serious chip on my shoulder about rich kids, never liked ‘em. Basically in every episode the witch Haggar would make a Robeast and Voltron would defeat it. Haggar worked for Zarkon on the contingent that when Zarkon finally defeats Voltron she would get the associated magic. I would have went for health insurance and a good pension but whatever. She’s also the reason that Voltron was broken up into five robot lions rather than the full robot. It never seemed like much of a disadvantage really, maybe she felt stupid after that, and that was why she was working for free. Much of my early childhood was spent pretending to be Voltron. It was great. This line still gives me chills: “Ready to form Voltron! Activate interlocks! Dyna-therms connected. Infra-cells up; mega-thrusters are go! Let’s go, Voltron Force! Form feet and legs; form arms and body; and I’ll form the head!” You always knew a Robeast was going to be slaughtered soon after, well usually right after the blazing sword was formed. The only thing the show left me questioning was what the hell are dyna-therms and infra cells and why are the essential to making a giant robot out of five smaller, though large in there own right, robot lions?

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Happy Birthday, Ubuntu!

With only nine days left until Karmic Koala's official release, it's time to take a look into the past. Five years ago, on the 20th of October, 2004, Mark Shuttleworth and the "warm-hearted Warthogs" from the developer team announced the first official Ubuntu release. Version 4.10, code name "Warty Warthog," was only the first representative in a line of operating systems that were made by human beings for human beings, aiming to let normal people use Linux.

Let's take a quick look at when each of the Ubuntu versions was released, and what it brought new:
· Ubuntu 4.10 (Warty Warthog) - Released on the 20th of October, 2004
· Ubuntu 5.04 (Hoary Hedgehog) - Released on 8th of April, 2005
· Ubuntu 5.10 (Breezy Badger) - Released on 13th of October, 2005
· Ubuntu 6.06 LTS (Dapper Drake) - Released on the 1st of June, 2006
· Ubuntu 6.10 (Edgy Eft) - Released on the 26th of October, 2006
· Ubuntu 7.04 (Feisty Fawn) - Released on the 19th of April, 2007
· Ubuntu 7.10 (Gutsy Gibbon) - Released on the 18th of October, 2007
· Ubuntu 8.04 LTS (Hardy Heron) - Released on the 24th of April, 2008
· Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex) - Released on the 30th of October, 2008
· Ubuntu 9.04 (Jaunty Jackalope) - Released on the 23rd of April, 2009
· Ubuntu 9.10 (Karmic Koala) - Planned for release on the 29th of October, 2009

Ubuntu 4.10 (Warty Warthog) was something weird for its time. It was common back then for Linux operating systems to ship on anywhere from two to even nine CDs, but Warty only had two: a Live and an Installation CD. Another thing that separated Ubuntu from the other Linux distributions of the time was the ShipIt service that sent Ubuntu CDs to anyone who requested them, free of charge.

The Warty Warthog was followed by Ubuntu 5.04 (Hoary Hedgehog), which brought another series of improvements that catered to non-technical users. The update manager and the notifier changed the task of updating the system from a deeply administrative one to something anyone could do. Under the hood, dynamic frequency scaling kept laptops running for a longer while, and the hardware database kept a tight watch on what components worked well out of the box.

The Ubuntu 5.10 (Breezy Badger) release hid the kernel start-up messages that looked like an alien language to most users under a graphical bootloader for the first time. At that time another defining feature of Ubuntu was created: integration with the Launchpad developer portal.

Fast forward to Ubuntu 6.04 and you will see that there is no such thing. Because the development was not complete, Mark Shuttleworth moved the release date to June that year, but made up to the users by giving them the first long-term support release: Ubuntu 6.06 LTS (Dapper Drake). This version changed the installation process in two ways: the two CDs that were typical for a release were merged into one, which served the double purpose of being a live and an install disk and, related to that, the setup process stopped using Debian's installer and switched to a graphical setup tool named Ubiquity.

You probably still remember Ubuntu 6.10 (Edgy Eft), because it was the first release that featured the finished Human graphical theme. Also, this version featured Tomboy, the note-taking application, and F-Spot, the photo manager. The Beryl desktop effects were also one of the attractions.

Those uber-cool desktop effects that were impressive for seasoned users and novices alike were made possible for the first time with the inclusion of Compiz in Ubuntu 7.04 (Feisty Fawn). Switching from Windows to Ubuntu was made much easier by the migration assistant that was created for this release, and virtualization was given a helping hand by including the Kernel Virtual Machine. Along with the packages was improved multimedia support with the restricted driver and codec installation tools.

I can actually remember Ubuntu 7.10 (Gutsy Gibbon), because it allowed me to save files on an NTFS partition. NTFS-3G's inclusion opened the way for tighter interoperability with Windows systems, while AppArmor watched the system's security and Compiz Fusion took the graphical aspect of the desktop one step further.

Ubuntu 8.04 LTS (Hardy Heron) will continue to be on desktops for a while, because its official support will end in April 2011. It featured a new desktop search tool, Tracker, the Brasero disk burner, the Transmission bit-torrent application and many other new programs. Most of us remember it because of PulseAudio, that was a new thing back then and it caused a lot of problems with audio. Also, Hardy was another big step towards an easy installation, because Wubi allowed you to skip partitioning and stuff Ubuntu in a file on one of your Windows disks.

Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex) was released into a world where netbooks were starting to conquer the market. Since most of those portable computers had no optical drive, Ubuntu came up with the Live USB Creator that allowed you to transfer the bootable image to a USB drive. Also, 8.10 had a lot of security improvements, like home folder encryption support and a ready-made guest account. Rebuilding kernel modules by hand was made obsolete by the inclusion of Dynamic Kernel Module Support.

You must be familiar with Ubuntu 9.04 (Jaunty Jackalope), because you're probably running it right now. It brought us the new Notify OSD and fresh graphics, along with faster boot times and web service integration. The hardware in netbooks was supported, and Wacom tablets were now hot-pluggable. On the development side, everything was moved to the Bazaar revision control system.

Now we're leaving the past and moving on towards the future. Ubuntu 9.10 (Karmic Koala) will be here in nine days, should everything go according to plan. The anniversary presents will be a new graphical theme, ultra-fast boots and a Netbook Remix that truly deserves the Ubuntu name.

Since such a trip down the memory lane would not be complete without a mental image of each release, we prepared this screenshot tour. It represents the journey of a free operating system that truly changed the way people use their computer. Enjoy the Ubuntu timeline, 11 releases in 5 years!

Ubuntu 4.10 (Warty Warthog)


Ubuntu 5.04 (Hoary Hedgehog)


Ubuntu 5.10 (Breezy Badger)


Ubuntu 6.06 LTS (Dapper Drake)


Ubuntu 6.10 (Edgy Eft)


Ubuntu 7.04 (Feisty Fawn)


Ubuntu 7.10 (Gutsy Gibbon)


Ubuntu 8.04 LTS (Hardy Heron)


Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)


Ubuntu 9.04 (Jaunty Jackalope)


Ubuntu 9.10 (Karmic Koala)


Happy Birthday Ubuntu!


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History of the PC Display

History of the PC Display - Long before the HD era unpleasant shades of grey stood before our eyes.

The problem
Since it was first mentioned, the electronic computing machine (today known as the PC) needed a display device. I mean what's the point of computing stuff if you can't see the final result? As so, the original name of the PC monitor was the VDU (Visual Display Unit).



Although early IBM computers followed the usual 3-part rule, comprising of a monitor, a computing unit and a keyboard (the mouse came at a later time), some companies manufactured the computing unit as an integral part of the display. It is actually funny that before monitors became the main display units for the PC, one interesting attempt to solving the output problem was to use printers as display units. As you can imagine this idea never became widespread.

The beginning
The first ever widely used display technology was the CRT (Cathode Ray Tube). The main concept was based on a negatively-charged cathode, an electron gun and a screen coated with a grid of phosphor dots. The electron gun shot electrons down the tube and the phosphorus would glow when struck by the electron beam. As the number of phosphor dots on the screen is limited, discretization was necessary in order to display images on the screen.

This discretization was accomplished taking in consideration the number of pixels the screen has. Each pixel contains three phosphor dots of different color (Reed, Green and Blue) which, if combined, could reproduce (with a certain degree of approximation) any real life color. This is not to say that the first CRT monitors were color displays. They were actually monochrome units that had very low resolutions. The low resolution was a result of the high manufacturing cost and the composite interface used for PC connection.


Ferdinand Braun, a German physicist, was the inventor of the CRT (in 1897) and, even if it may be difficult to imagine nowadays, the shape of the display was not flat. This was mainly due to the early technology used in the design. The problem was that the electron beam was altered by magnetic deflection (a varying magnetic field generated by coils) in order for the rectangular image to fit on a non-flat surface.

As a side note, I don't know how many of you ever wondered what was the true meaning of the screensaver. I know that nowadays its main goal is to allow computer users to relax using some kind of animation or even an image slide show, but the name itself surely suggests otherwise. In fact its first meaning was to “save” the screen. The thing is that the phosphor in CRT screens becomes less bright with time.

So, after a few years of displaying the Windows desktop, if a full screen picture was displayed on the device, users could observe an imprint of the taskbar on the bottom of the screen. To solve this problem, the screensaver was introduced. It would display a random animation used to regulate phosphorus usage so that no part of the screen would display a static image for an extended period of time.

The evolution
In time, CRTs evolved. Brightness, resolution and contrast improved. The color gamut became richer and images could be more accurately displayed. Resolutions ranged from the VGA standard (640 x 480) to 2304 x 1440 pixels. This evolution took place somewhere in the 90's, when Sony patented the Triniton tube. This was a more advanced cathode tube, which provided for a wider color gamut, higher brightness and contrast, as well as better electron focus across the screen.

Sony's patent expired in 1996 and as such other companies began using the the same technology, but under a different name (for example Mitsubishi called it Diamondtron). The 90's CRT market was led by Sony and their high quality monitors. Eizo for example only became popular because they were re-branding Sony's high end monitors. Soon other companies like Dell, Apple, IBM and Sun Microsystems joined the re-branding bandwagon.


This evolution was also made possible by an updated connector called HD-15 (widely known as the VGA connector or D-Sub). This was a 15 pin connector cable used to carry analog component RGBHV signal. The HV at the end signify horizontal and vertical sync signals.

The last update to the CRT technology was used in the FD Wega series (yes, Sony again). FD meant Flat Display and it translated to “perfect” image representation on a PC monitor. By improving the magnetic deflection technology, manufacturers began building almost flat screens by calibrating the coil position on the side of the screen. I say almost flat because some companies kind of cheated here and created screens that where not actually flat, but their surface was in fact part of a very large sphere and created the illusion of a flat surface. Sony was not one of those companies.

The revolution
The CRT era seemed to go on forever. Sony was in business with high quality models that where re-branded by other well known companies. But as history shows us, technology is continuously evolving and sitting around bragging about how you have the best technology and not investing into R&D is not a good policy. Sony learned this by being dethroned as the display manufacturing king.

Somewhere at the end of the 90's, other companies began introducing a new technology on the market, namely the Liquid Display Technology (a.k.a. LCD). The new technology used a grid of liquid crystals, placing three transistors behind each crystal. The three transistors where used to generate the RGB spectrum and in the end display more sharper images than CRT monitors. Monitors featuring LCD panels came in a slimmer form factors and with lower radiation emissions. They were a step up in design compared to the bulky CRT monitors people were so used to.

The first generations of LCD panels came with a few drawbacks. One of their biggest problems was the response time. Response time represents the amount of time a pixel takes to go from black to white and back to black again. The first generations had a response time of 25ms, which was acceptable when only using your PC for office related tasks, but became a serious problem when watching movies or playing games. The low response time introduced ghosting when the display was forced to render fast changing images (also known as image lag).

The further evolution of LCDs solved this problem and today's monitors have response times as low as 2 ms. Some companies tried to cheat by providing response times measured using different methods (like gray-to-gray).

Another problem that came along with these panels were the so called dead pixels. This was a result of some stage from the manufacturing process, when some of the transistors were damaged and pixels affected by this would always display the same color (usually red or black). Most providers refused to honor user's warranties, stating that this was not covered by the manufacturer.

Again, contrast ratios and brightness improved with each new generation of displays, only this time Sony was no more the leading manufacturer (actually the company's LCDs were not even among the best). At some point, rumors emerged that Sony was in fact re-branding Samsung panels.

Yes, the new leader of the PC display market was Samsung. The company manufactured high quality panels and allowed users to exchange panels that came with damaged pixels or offered them their money back.

The age of HD
Together with the evolution of LCDs came a new video interface called DVI (digital video interface). Compared to the analog VGA connection, this solution was no longer bound to the quality and length of the cable. DVI provided for a complete digital transfer of information between the graphics adapter and the monitor.

Later on (at some point in 2004) HDCP (high definition content protection) was introduced. This was developed to protect the new High Definition content of Blu-ray and HD DVD discs. In order for a Blu-ray movie to play, users had to have both a HDCP enabled player and display. For computer users, the graphics card needed to have a HDCP decoding chip.

The HDCP decoding can only be done by connecting the monitor trough the DVI interface, since this interface provides for non-display data to be transferred to the device. Samsung was among the first to provide users with HDCP enabled monitors (even though at first the feature wasn't even advertised).


Today's monitors range from 15 to 30-inch LCDs, with resolutions matching 2560 x 1600 pixels. They are outfitted with webcams, USB hubs and audio speakers. Design-wise, manufactures are trying to attract people by using slimmer and fashioned-focused devices. Companies are also trying to develop 3D monitors that provide a more interactive experience. Most of these tryouts fail with the first two or three generations, but (as the LCD market has shown us) will eventually replace current generation displays.

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Car logos evolution

Car logos evolution (13 images)















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History of the Portable Audio Player

History of the Portable Audio Player - Enjoying music any time, anywhere. Most people nowadays enjoy listening to music. Some feel more relaxed, others become more energetic, but regardless the reason the fact is that music is an essential part of most peoples lives. You can see the proof in this by observing more and more people who have headphones in their years while walking, taking the subway or even during work. Portable audio players are now as popular as the Beatles were in the 60's.


But how did it all start?
Well, the audio players of today have their roots in the Sony Walkman brand. Aside from radio devices, Sony was the first to introduce a portable music player. The first Walkman devices used magnetic audio cassettes and where kind of bulky at first. Sony first advertised the series in Japan, in 1979. Walkmans where usually powered by two AA batteries and provided good music output provided the source (cassette) was of good quality.


Later on came the CD Walkman. It featured the same basic concept: a portable audio player that instead of audio cassettes used CDs. The main problem of this device was that, despite being indeed considered “portable”, its size was nowhere near comfortable to use on a daily basis. The best way to carry the device was probably in a backpack.

One of its biggest problems was the fact that it used a laser beam in order to read data from the CD, and the beam orientation system was mainly mechanical, so when the device was moved it very often skipped parts of a song or sometimes fail to play at all. This problem was later solved by manufacturers by adding a buffer which was used to read ahead and store data. Thus, whenever “live” reading from the CD was not possible, the player continued to play data until the buffer was empty.


An important problem related to CD players regarded limited music storage. A CD could store on average around 20 audio tracks and users would either have to limit themselves to this number or carry with them more CDs. This problem was not solved by the next wave of audio players, but rather the solution gave birth to the next generation of devices.

Enter the MP3
Karlheinz Brandenburg, along with other contributors, created the MP3 audio format. The idea behind the MP3 standard was a new compression algorithm that took advantage of a human hearing limitation called auditory masking. Brandenburg used a CD recording of Suzanne Vega's (named by some the mother of the MP3) song "Tom's Diner" in order to refine the compression algorithm.

MP3 greatly reduced the amount of data needed to store audio track information. Compared to a CD, an average-sized MP3-encoded song provides an improved compression ration of 1/10. This achievement paved the way of digital music as we know it today.

As flash storage technologies became cheaper, companies started developing portableMP3 players. One of the first companies to offer high quality products was Rio, with its PMP300. The player came with 32MB of internal memory and a SmartMedia slot for storage expansion. As far as dimensions go, the device was about as large as a deck of cards and connected to the PC using the parallel port.

Rio's success was moderate at most, since it was a bit ahead of its time. But a few years later, various companies started manufacturing en-masse USB, flash-based MP3 players. These where simple USB sticks that plugged in an USB port and allowed for any kind of file transfer, but could only play MP3 files. Most of them came with a small LCD that was designed to display the artist's name, song name and a bunch of other info.

Although these devices were an immediate success, at the beginning, manufacturers also offered CD-based MP3 players, because flash modules were still a bit expensive, especially when compared to CDs. As so, most flash portable MP3 players toped at 512MB. However, over time, MP3 CD players lost the battle as the prices of flash memory continued to drop.


Also, Sony still continued the MD Player brand. MD stands for Mini Disc and was introduced by Sony before MP3s were born. The device used discs whose size was just 2/3 of that of a CD and allowed music recording from the PC or from a microphone. Later on, the format was updated to store any kind of files, but the disc price was relatively high and users seemed to prefer MP3 players instead.

Most USB MP3 players were very similar design-wise, the main differences between them being the casing or color. There were companies like Sony that provided some so called “deluxe” players with glossy finish and elegant design, but no manufacturer could really say that it had an innovative product.

The iPod makes its entrance - and the world of music changes forever
Everything changed when Apple announced its iPod audio player. The company's marketing was aggressive and propelled the iPod, despite its huge price compared to other players, in front of the pack. The first generation iPods were hard-drive based players (not the first of its kind as most might think, Creative was the first with the idea). The player was something new and users where intrigued by the Click-Wheel control ring (later to become touch sensitive) used for scrolling and the impressive storage capacity. The first iPods came with a 5GB hard drive, followed by a 10GB version.


Another smart Apple marketing scheme was the use of its own on-line music store, the iTunes. The store provided users with the opportunity to buy single songs at very good prices, or build custom playlists that could later be synchronized with the iPod. This level of freedom made the player famous and everybody was considered cool or fashionable if spotted with an iPod.

Later on, the iPod evolved and it currently offers an impressive 160GB storage space and comes with a slim size factor and a sleek design, given by the chromed backplate.

Apple also extended the iPod line with various derivatives like the iPod Shuffle, the Nano (a smaller flash based replica of the classic iPod with a smaller storage unit), and is now promoting the iPod touch which, might replace the original iPod design. The Touch features multi-touch user interface and a large, 3.5-inch LCD display.

Other well-respected companies involved in audio (and I say audio and not MP3 because most modern players support all kinds of audio formats) players manufacturing are iRiver, Cowon, Microsoft and Creative.

Today's portable audio players provide various features like movie playback, picture viewing, different web services and some of them (the ones with big enough screens) even allow users to play games.

I guess some are wondering why I enlisted Microsoft as a respected audio player manufacturer, but haven't mentioned anything about any of its products. Well, that's because it only has one product, called Zune. The device is meant to compete with Apple's iPod and has a large screen that allows movie watching and gaming, but, compared to its direct competitor, the device has integrated Wifi and can connect to the Zune MarketPlace for music and video downloads. The device also has a feature that allows Zune owners to exchange music and video files by using their devices' wireless capability.

Picking out an MP3 player is a tough choice these days. Users have hundreds of choices and most of them don't even know what exactly they want or where to start looking. My advice is to first decide what you really want. Do you want just a mp3 player or do you want a multimedia capable device? Do you want to take your entire music collection on the go, or will a flash device be enough? Just take a minute (or a day....or even a few days, but don't go over a month 'cause companies will announce something new and you will have to start all over again) and think about what you need/want. Everything will be a lot easier once you decide that. Next just ask a few friend about their audio players, use some Google magic and in you will have your music on the go in no time.

From Many Source

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World's Most Brutal Woman

A woman, actually a woman is the figure that we think is weak, sweet, lovely and feminine. but in this case we talk about world's most brutal woman, a cold blooded woman.. and a cruel woman.. they kill innocent people.. so who was the world's most brutal woman that you know?? Ok let's begin..

1.Williamina “Minnie” Dean 1844 - 1895
She was the one and only woman who was executed on the new zealand history.. she was die by the garrotte, she saved a young poor lady for a guise, but this evil woman then kill those child and took all their money to increase her wealth, at that time the society will expelled a woman who are pregnant without a husband, this thing then make a big phenomena that calls "baby farming" where people offering themself to took over their children with govenrment wages. dean is one of those.. but she doesn't care about these children, but she killed them and took over the wages from the government.. it is said that actually dean killed more than 3 child..

2.Dorothea Puente 1929
Victim : 9 People
Dorothu Puente are the old woman who runs a rent house businness. she kill the people who rent at his house one by one and fudge their signature for the security inspection. she doesn't allow those tenant to use rge phone or send a letter, she took all the money that sent to those tenant. all the victim mostly are drunk and suffering a schizophrenia, one of the corpse found on backyard without head, hand and foot.. so brutal huh?? she use the money that she took for buying a luxurious cloth, perfume and for a skin surgery before she get caught. these woman doesn't feel guilty for her crime, and this time she's on the jail for a life sentence.

3. Karla Homolka 1970
Victim : 3 (expected there are 5 more victim)
She is a Serial Killer from Canada that took the attention from media all over the world when she's punished because she helped her husband Paul Bernardo to rape and kill a young girls, including her own sister Tammy Homolka.. Karla record the brutality and the killing of the young girls that her husband do. those recording used to fight her on the court, and some part can be found on the internet, but the Canada Government order it to delete those video. and now homolka are free from the jail before her 12 years sentence.. and now she live in west indies.

4. Elena Ceausescu 1916 - 1989
Victim : nation annihilation
Elena Ceausescu are the romanian people who are declared herself as a scientist. she is wife of Romanian communist leader and also the vice prime minister Nicolae Ceausescu. Romania declared that Elena Ceausescu responsible for the liberation of birth control that cause the crisis condition along 1970-1980. and cause the Mass increase of the unwanted baby. these baby then live at the orphan house.. she's also lead the environment healthy commision. where she's abjured of AIDS issue in Romania that make the biggest cases on the west.. she's also responsible for the destruction of a church and a food distrubution that on 1980 are located on romania. and finally she's executed for her crimes that against humanity.. and when she's executed she yell out like this "Go To Hell"

5. Elizabeth I of England 1533 - 1603
Victim : Thousand
Elizabeth I order to kill thousand catholic people in england and ireland, she was the cruel queen.. and for info she give Queen Mary of Scots a protection place and suddenly betray her and send her to jail for about 19years and then kill her.. she support the slave exchange.

6. Marybeth Tinning 1942
Victim : 9
Between 1972 and 1985 she have 8 children, and she kill them all, and also her adopted child, there's no one suspect her that she's killed all the children.. she's punished fot 20 years in jail.

7. Rosemary West 1953
Victim : More than 12
With her husband Fred, rosemary west have killed 12 young womanm on august 1992 fred west arrested for the case raping her 13 years daughter 3 times. and rosemary west arrested for awfulness to child. west usually took a girls from a bus stop on Gloucester England, and jailed them on her house for several day before kill them. West have a big sexual lust and she's enjoying on an extreeme slaveness sadomasocithistic sexual activites. and Rosemary are a bisexual girl and mostly their victim are for Rosemary and west sexual orrientation. West also work as a prostitute, two of her child are born from her client. west are one from two woman who was get a death sentence in jail in UK(The Other was Myra Handley who was already death now)

8. Phoolan Devi 1963 - 2001
Victim : More than 22
Phoolan Devi are an India Dacoit(gunmen) who has a short political career.. pm 1970 she's kidnapped by dacoit gank and afterall she joined them to do a crime, one day she was raped by a group of man in behmai, and she choosed to run and continue her life to do a crime such as robbing from a rich people. and then she came home to behmai and order all the man to line up and then shoot them all, more than 22 man die.. and then she's arrested and spent 11 years in jail. She's Entered political world but only for a short period, because of the rebelion. and surprisingly on 1998 she's nominated for getting a nobel award from several English Parliament member.. and on 2001 she's killed by a man in the revenge on her homicide on behmai.

9. Delphine LaLaurie 1775 - 1842
Victim : More than 10
LaLaurie are a cruel socialite member that lived on New Orleand. her house are full of horror, on april 10 1834 a fire happen on her kitchen, and the fireman found 2 slaves that are chained on the stove. they're make the fire to get the attention. the fireman are guided with the other slaves to the rooftop where it was found more shocking thing. more than a dozen slaves that was handicapped and chained on the wall and floor, several of them are the subject for the scary drugs experiment, a man look like as a weird transexual, a woman stuck on the small cage with a broken hand and looks like a crab, and the other woman without hand and foot, and it seems like a meat add onto her body which make her looks like a worm, several of her mouth are sutured, and suffer hungry death. most are found death.. but several people still alive but they ask to be killed to end their suffering. LaLaurie flee before she arrested and never be caught.. maybe she's the most cruel woman that occur in the world..

10. Jiang Qing 1914 - 1991
Victim : more than 500.000
She's the young wife of Mao Tse Tung, the China Communist Dictator. because of her good skill to arrange a movement.. she get the most authority position on the Communist party(like a president authority), it was belived that she's the auctor behind the Chinesse culture revolution (Where she's as the vice leader), during the Culture Revolution, many economic activities stopped and an ancient building, artifact, antiques, books, paintings that can't be count anymore are shattered by red guards. during 10 years culture revolution, it also give an effect on education system, many smart people are sent on the opposition camp, million of people on china reported suffer a human right torturing during the Culture Revolution. million of people are get sack, a approximation of a death victim, civil society, Red Guards, whether it from the east and west people are 500.000 people!!. but those approximation are increased into 3 million from 16 million molested people

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